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Citations

American College of Lifestyle Medicine. (n.d.). What is lifestyle medicine? Retrieved February 18, 2026, from https://lifestylemedicine.org/about-lifestyle-medicine/

Balaneskovic, S. (2018). Hua Tuo’s Wu Qin Xi (Five Animal Frolics) movements and the logic behind it. Chinese Medicine and Culture, 1(3), 127–134.

Bauman, A. E., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J. F., & Martin, B. W. (2012). Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not? The Lancet, 380(9838), 258–271.

Berryman, J. W. (2010). Exercise is medicine: A historical perspective. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 195–201.

Bhishagratna, K. K. L. (1963). The Sushruta Samhita: English translation based on the original Sanskrit text. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series.

Cheng, C., Zhang, D., Chen, S., & Duan, G. (2022). The association of cardiorespiratory fitness and the risk of hypertension: A systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis. Journal of Human Hypertension, 36(8), 744–752.

Ding D, Nguyen B, Nau T, et al. Daily steps and health outcomes in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2025;10(8):e668-e681. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00164-1

Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., et al. (2011). Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(7), 1334–1359.

Han, H., Hu, J., Lee, D. H., Zhang, Y., Giovannucci, E., Stampfer, M. J., et al. (2026). Physical activity types, variety, and mortality: Results from two prospective cohort studies. BMJ Medicine, 5(1), e001513.

Jakicic, J. M., Apovian, C. M., Barr-Anderson, D. J., Courcoulas, A. P., Donnelly, J. E., Ekkekakis, P., Hopkins, M., Lambert, E. V., Napolitano, M. A., & Volpe, S. L. (2024). Physical activity and excess body weight and adiposity for adults: American College of Sports Medicine consensus statement. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 56(10), 2076–2091. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003520

Matthews, C. E., Saint-Maurice, P. F., Fulton, J. E., Patel, S., Loftfield, E., Sampson, J. N., Keadle, S. K., & Berrigan, D. (2022). Changes in physical activity and sedentary time in United States adults in response to COVID-19. PLOS ONE, 17(9), e0273919. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273919

Miller, K. R., McClave, S. A., Jampolis, M. B., et al. (2016). The health benefits of exercise and physical activity. Current Nutrition Reports, 5, 204–212.

Paluch, A. E., Bajpai, S., Bassett, D. R., Carnethon, M. R., Ekelund, U., Evenson, K. R., et al. (2022). Daily steps and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts. The Lancet Public Health, 7(3), e219–e228.

Pearce, M., Garcia, L., Abbas, A., Strain, T., Schuch, F. B., Golubic, R., Kelly, P., Khan, S., Utukuri, M., Laird, Y., Mok, A., Smith, A., Tainio, M., Brage, S., & Woodcock, J. (2022). Association between physical activity and risk of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 79(6), 550–559. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0609

Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015). Exercise as medicine: Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(Suppl. 3), 1–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12581

Plaza-Florido A, Lindholm ME, Carrera-Bastos P, et al. Exercise pills for cardiometabolic health cannot mimic the exercise milieu. Trends Endocrinol Metab. Published online August 9, 2025. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2025.07.005

Qiu Y, Fernández-García B, Lehmann HI, et al. Exercise sustains the hallmarks of health. J Sport Health Sci. 2023;12(1):8-35. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2022.10.003

Sallis, R. E. (2009). Exercise is medicine and physicians need to prescribe it! British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(1), 3–4.

Shreves, A. H., Small, S. R., Walmsley, R., Chan, S., Saint-Maurice, P. F., Moore, S. C., Papier, K., Gaitskell, K., Travis, R. C., Matthews, C. E., & Doherty, A. (2025). Amount and intensity of daily total physical activity, step count and risk of incident cancer in the UK Biobank. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 59(12), 839–847.

Thompson, W. R., Sallis, R., Joy, E., et al. (2020). Exercise is medicine. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 14(5), 511–523.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). Physical activity guidelines for Americans (2nd ed.). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

World Health Organization. (2020). WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. World Health Organization.

Xu L, Li T, He W, Cao D, Wu C, Qin L. Prevalence of sufficient physical activity among general adult population and sub-populations with chronic conditions or disability in the USA. Eur J Public Health. 2023;33(5):891-896. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckad132

Zahalka SJ, Abushamat LA, Scalzo RL, et al. The Role of Exercise in Diabetes. [Updated 2025 Jul 6]. In: Feingold KR, Adler RA, Ahmed SF, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549946/


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